Published on the Counter Terrorist Magazine
“Jihad leads to Arab and Islamic unity, and it nourishes the Palestinian cause. It is the path of life, pride, and dignity. And what our Palestinian brothers live today highlights the need for all kinds of jihad: political, military, fifinancial, and cultural jihad. Our jihad against Israel is in defense of humanity and the civilized world. Resistance in Lebanon and in the beloved Palestine is an obligation for the Arab and Islamic world. Lastly, the Islamic resistance in Lebanon was the key that awakened the Arab and Islamic masses. The martyrs of the intifada are heroes. God bless the martyrs and their families, and may God give them more strength.”1
Lev Dassin, the U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York, noted for the record in 2009 that “Al-Manar [the Beacon] is a Lebanonbased television station operated by Hezbollah and designed to cultivate support for Hezbollah’s activities and mission.” 1 Dassin was announcing the conviction of John Iqbal for giving material support to Hezbollah through his workings with Al-Manar.
Understanding Al-Manar’s history and utility is instructive regarding the central part that a television medium plays in radicalization and implementation of a systematic program for the indoctrination of instruments of Islamic supremacist terror within a population. Hezbollah began broadcasting locally via Al-Manar in Lebanon in 1991. It went global, transmitting by satellite in May, 2000. It is now available in most Arab countries on satellite and in Lebanon terrestrially. Since December 2005 the station has been banned in Europe and the United States.2 Although the ban has kept the station from radicalizing Western Muslims, the ban has also paradoxically enabled them to operate globally with little awareness of their actions among Westerners. Some polls list Al-Manar as one of the top four so-called news stations in the Middle East.3
Al-Manar’s goal is to promote the ideology and advancement of Hezbollah as a political, cultural, religious, and military organization. Al-Manar broadcasts have included glorified representations of attacks on Israeli soldiers in southern Lebanon. After Israel pulled out of Lebanon in 2000, Al- Manar’s Islamist mantra did not change. It maintained Israel as its primary target, but changed focus to Palestinian advocacy instead of the occupation of Lebanon upon which it was founded. Ideologically, its anti-Israeli focus positions Muslims (Islamists) as the perpetual victims in a “holy war” against the Jews. It sculpts the perspective that Israeli strength is a myth and that the Muslim resistance will be victorious.
Nayef Krayem, Al-Manar’s general manager and chairman of the board, stated:
There is no act of resistance that can be classified as terrorism …. Civilians and military are both occupiers and therefore, both are legitimate targets …. We do not create these acts [acts of terrorism], but we do support any resistance acts through our media. We cover and promote any act of resistance on our programming …. Hezbollah uses Al-Manar to express its stands and its views etc. Al-Manar, in turn, receives political support for its continuation.4
Its reporters are often “embedded” with Hezbollah fighters. “Who’s Next?” is a program that is part of its psychological campaign to show Israeli casualties leaving a blank space for future soldiers.5
The Jerusalem Media Communication Center reported that most Palestinians watch Al Jazeera, Abu Dhabi TV, and Al-Manar. Terrorism analyst Avi Jorisch reported that on a 2003 poll on “Palestine” 28% of Jordanians tuned into Al-Manar first, followed by Al Jazeera (27.5%).6 Some sources have cited an annual cost of running Al-Manar at $10–15 million with more than 300 employees of American, Egyptian, Jordanian, Lebanese, Moroccan, and Palestinian nationalities. Whether through Hezbollah or via other indirect Shia sources, Al-Manar is intimately connected to the radical Shia movement of clerics in power in Iran.
Hezbollah constituents have 20% of their income tithed in Lebanon. A large portion of Al-Manar’s sustenance comes from that tithing. Al-Manar does not have a history of being notably profitable. It lost a large number of Western advertisers after they became more aware of Al-Manar’s ideology and terror links. All Western advertisers eventually dried up after the US government’s terrorist designation of Al-Manar. Hezbollah leaders also invoked the channel’s own religious extremism and rejected many advertisers on “morality grounds”.7
Al-Manar broadcasts include a variety of programming from news and current affairs to children’s programs and drama, with an emphasis on religious and political programming. It has correspondents across the world from Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Persian Gulf to Belgium, France, and Kosovo. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) reviewed Al-Manar television content from December 2008 to January 2010. It found that the religious programming focused on general recommendations on religious practices from both Sunni and Shia clerics. The political programming included “martyr and martial programming” that glorified suicide bombers and showed martyrs (shahids) with patriotic settings and music. Hezbollah leaders are featured giving speeches and other political programming that is anti-American and anti-Israeli, and promotes the belief that Muslim lands are “occupied.”8
According to the ACMA report, it felt “that certain styles or forms of programming (for example, martial, martyr, memorial, and unmediated party political programming) could amount to advocacy of a terrorist act in periods of heightened conflict in the region.”9Al-Manar not only broadcasts outright militant and radical views, but it also addresses various facets of domestic and foreign policy for the Hezbollah Islamist agenda. For example, with regard to US actions in Iraq, Al-Manar news reports refer to US forces as the “the American occupation army.” What are neutrally termed “insurgents” to the United States are labeled “resistance” by Al-Manar, and action against the “insurgency” is referred to as action against the “Iraqi people.” These actions are “depicted in all their tragedy” with “details of [alleged] torture, indictments, and rapes by American troops.”10
Al-Manar’s programming is primarily dedicated to inspiring resistance against Israel and against the United States. According to Avi Jorisch, Lebanese and Palestinian terror groups use Al-Manar as the primary venue to “claim responsibility for suicide attacks against Israelis.” With regard to the United States, Al-Manar has had programming that has spread unfounded conspiracy theories, fabricated American history, and attacked American foreign policy. The Iraq war gave Al- Manar a renewed vigor of propagandizing an anti-American narrative against its “Great Satan,” the United States. It openly called for suicide attacks and other violent acts of armed resistance against the United States in the region.11
Interestingly, more than one-fourth of Al-Manar programming is music videos (anashid). These videos amplify emotions for the Palestinians and against Israel and the United States in an incendiary way. The station admits that these images are meant to stimulate suicide operations by driving viewers toward violence.
Reportedly one viewer, Ayat al Akhras, a young Palestinian woman, watched Al- Manar incessantly before blowing herself up in front of a Jerusalem supermarket in March, 2002, killing two Israelis and wounding twenty-eight others.12
The station uses images of the Israeli- Palestinian conflict to drive war. The programming according to CNN13 was a “drum beat of carefully selected, dramatically composed, one-sided visual accounts of West Bank and Gaza violence beamed across Lebanon and, via satellite to a vast regional audience, transmissions which incite the Arab world to mobilize popular support for the Palestinian cause.”
Jeffrey Goldberg called the station “The Suicide Channel” in Th e New Yorker. Al- Manar News Director Hassan Fadlallah told Goldberg, “We’re not looking to interview [Ariel] Sharon, we want to get close to him in order to kill him.” It glorifies suicide bombers as martyrs and their families as heroes. It openly and repeatedly calls for the obliteration of Israel and the death of the United States. It calls for Palestinians to violently overthrow their “racist oppressors,” and portrays the Israelis as “baby-slaughtering terrorists.” An Al-Manar public service message tells families of suicide bombers where to go to collect a “subsidy” from the martyrs’ “foundation.”14
providing Hezbollah with a global platform from which to spread its radical message.15
In a speech televised on Al-Manar on March 20, 2002, Nasan Nasrallah, secretary general of Hezbollah stated:
Today the main source of evil in this world, the main source of terrorism in this world, the central threat to international peace and to the economic development of the world, the main threat to the environment of this world, the main source of … killing and turmoil, and civil wars and regional wars in this world is the United States of America …. The American political discourse is to terrorize the countries of the world …. America is a beast in all meanings of the word. A beast that is hungry for power and hungry for blood.16
Al-Manar reaches its millions of viewers through a vast network of satellite providers and some Western corporations.17 In 2006 Al-Manar headquarters and infrastructure were bombed by the Israeli Air Force. The station, though severely damaged, continued to broadcast. This was after a March, 2006 move by the United States that designated Al-Manar a terrorist organization much like its paternal organization, Hezbollah. At the time, Stuart Levey, US Treasury undersecretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, said that Al-Manar is an “entity maintained by a terrorist group” and therefore “as culpable as the terrorist group itself.” The European Union then concluded that Al-Manar violated European law and four European satellite providers discontinued transmission as did others in Barbados, Australia, Brazil, and Hong Kong. According to Mark Dubowitz, many Western companies discontinued more than $2 million in annual corporate advertising after being alerted to Al Manar’s programming.18
ARABSAT, a satellite company owned primarily by the Saudi government, and Nilesat, owned by the Egyptian government, continue to provide Al- Manar with a venue to spread its hate globally. ACMA reported in February, 2010 that Al-Manar was also carried by an Indonesian-owned and controlled satellite, PT Indosat Tbk (PT Indosat). It verified that the programming was transmitted on the global beam in Palapa-D satellite.19 Its goal is to engage and inflame its ever-growing Muslim constituencies. Al-Manar has described its Palestinian viewers as its Palestinian “human nuclear bomb.”20
Al-Manar also operates a website enabling viewers to watch streaming video. This streaming video is available in the United States through the Wa3ad (“promise” in Arabic) website, which is hosted by a Las Vegas-based Internet service provider. The Arabic language Wa3ad website claims to be “for the support of the resistance movement” and consists of various sections, including those entitled “Zionist affairs,” “the resistance support,” and “divine victory.”
For anyone who may assert Al Manar’s “journalistic” ethics, the recent transformations sweeping across the Middle East exposed Al-Manar’s method of doing business. The LA Times reported on May 24, 2011, (citing Tunisian newspaper, Sabah) that Al-Manar was paid $100,000 to promote the human rights image of Tunisian dictator Zine el Abedine Ben Ali, who is now exiled in Saudi Arabia. Al-Manar had allegedly received $150,000 a year to support the Ben Ali regime and asked for an extra $50,000 annually if he wished positive coverage in light of recent developments.21
WINNING THE WAR OF IDEAS
Islamists have a propaganda advantage with organizations like Al-Manar that do not play by the same rules as Western networks. When we look back at the cold war, one of the most important tools employed was the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe that highlighted the benefits of individual liberty and made an effort to counter the ideological dogma of communism and socialism.
The following policies need to be enacted:
• Sanctions against Al Manar’s funders and satellite providers.
• Open criticism regarding Al Manar’s conflicts of interests with autocrats, absence of journalistic ethics, and inherently corrupt operations.
• Western media should be encouraged to build a “firewall” with regard to refusing to “do business” with so-called media agencies that promote violence and Islamic supremacist ideas that are incompatible with free societies.
• Nonprofit groups and media-monitoring organizations can prioritize countering any “mainstreaming” of Al Manar or similar networks into American households and expose the ethical lapses that these networks frequently exhibit.
The United States and our allies have to be willing to engage in the ideological battle. We must help foster a debate within the Muslim consciousness about modernity and the role of shariah in governance. We need to engage leading American Muslims who are liberty-minded and anti-Islamist to take the offense and reshape the narrative of freedom and liberty against agents of the Islamic state. If we are able to shape the narrative of liberty as being one fully open to Muslim devotion and practice as long as there is a separation of mosque and state, that can ultimately be the way toward victory in the war of ideas.
We must shape the narrative that the United States is not an enemy of Islam, but an enemy of governments and ideologies that usurp the power of the people through theocratic ideologies like Islamism. Understanding the types of ideas, programming, and networks disseminated and promoted on Al-Manar and similar networks is of the highest priority in our counterterrorism efforts. We cannot continue to allow Al-Manar to define who we are as a Western society without an equally accessible counter message. Winning the ideological war will minimize the need for military confrontation and set the stage for real national security.
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